Dyal Singh Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences
The Dyal Singh Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (DSJHSS) is an online, open-access, peer-reviewed, and refereed journal in English and Urdu, published by Government Dyal Singh Graduate College, Lahore, Pakistan. This is a multidisciplinary international journal that is published biannually in the months of June and December.
Govt. Dyal Singh Graduate College Lahore
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Age-Related Variation in Computer-Mediated Communication
The introduction of Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) has created new ways of communicating daily, and has resulted in the advent of some novel linguistic practices in online situations. Though previous studies have established linguistic variations in digital communication from various contexts, comparatively little is known about how age varies in online language use among Pakistani Facebook users. It focuses on the apparent-time perspective on two age groups of female Facebook status writers (ages 18-20 and 30-35) to explore the distribution of certain linguistic features in their status updates. In this study, the qualitative comparative content-analysis design was used. The status updates that were reviewed were purposively selected, with 200 being reviewed and analyzed from each one of the participants. Analyses carried out in the study were on the basis of the following five linguistic categories – shortened lexical forms, acronyms, omission of vowels, emoticons/emoji and substitutions of numeric forms. These features were subsequently compared descriptively in terms of their frequency and distribution between the age groups included. The analysis shows that the younger participants generally preferred more innovative linguistic forms than the adult participants, while the adult participants generally preferred a more traditional lexical and orthographic form. These observations suggest variation in the linguistic practice of the selected dataset with respect to age rather than evidence for ongoing language change. The study aids the Computer-Mediated Communication research in Pakistan by reporting the language variations of Facebook users and can serve as the basis for future studies that use longitudinal or larger and more varied data sets to investigate the changes in language throughout time.
Computer-Mediated Communication, Facebook, language variation, apparent-time analysis, digital discourse, sociolinguistics
Copyright (c) 2026 Inaya Sehar, Tahira Kanwal, Nosheen Sehar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Scalar implicature is a central concept in pragmatics that explains how speakers communicate meanings beyond the literal interpretations of their utterances. Despite scalar implicature having been examined in detail in English and some other major languages, comparatively little is known about the concept in Urdu and some other South Asian languages. This study presents a scoping review of existing literature on scalar implicature showing the importance of cross-linguistic evidence in relation to Urdu and English. To reach this aim, a systematic review of the literature was conducted through an exhaustive search of online academic databases, such as Google Scholar, Scopus, ERIC, and Web of Science, adhere to find theoretical and empirical studies published in English from 1975 to 2025 and to assess and analyze these data against pre-established inclusion criteria. The analysis indicated that research conducted so far has provided significant theoretical and experimental justification for scalar implicature in English, while the existing studies related to Urdu are scarce. Still, rather than evidencing the areas of cross-linguistic differences regarding the processes of scalar implicature in communication, this review has identified a considerable gap in the available evidence concerning the functioning of scalar implicature in Urdu-speaking multilingual environments. Consequently, the study proves that it is important to conduct additional research with regard to the ways scalar implicature is applied in multilingual contexts involving speakers of Urdu and English.
scalar implicature, pragmatics, scoping review, bilingual pragmatics, Urdu-English bilingualism, cross-linguistic pragmatics
Copyright (c) 2025 Inaya Sehar, Tahira Kanwal, Nosheen Sehar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gendered Professional Identity in AI-Generated Discourse
As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly prevalent in professional and organizational communication, concern has shifted from overt stereotypes to subtler patterns through which AI-generated language may reproduce gendered assumptions. This study examines how ChatGPT, Gemini, and Grok construct male- and female-referenced professional identities across ten occupations. The dataset comprises 60 texts, generated in June 2025 through three LLM models (ChatGPT, Gemini, and Grok). Using corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis, the study combines keyword and Key Word in Context (KWIC) analysis in Sketch Engine with Halliday and Matthiessen’s systemic functional linguistics, Fairclough’s three-dimensional model, and van Leeuwen’s social actor representation framework. In the sampled outputs, overt stereotyping was limited; however, recurrent lexical and grammatical differences associated male professionals more often with institutional authority and strategic action, whereas female professionals were more often associated with relational competence and communicative expertise. Because each prompt was generated only once during a single collection session. The results show that explicit stereotyping has been visibly reduced in all three LLMs. Nevertheless, implicit ideologies regarding gender still exist in today’s AI-generated professional discourse where male professionals have been predominantly associated with institutional authority and strategic leadership, while female professionals have been characterized through relational competence and communicative expertise.
Large Language Models; Corpus-Assisted Critical Discourse Analysis; Gender Representation; Professional Identity; Critical Discourse Analysis; Systemic Functional Linguistics
Copyright (c) 2026 Marriam Bibi, Dr. Urooj Fatima Alvi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating Indigenous ICT-Aided English Language Material for ESL Dyslexic Learners
The twenty first century has witnessed significant growth in the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in all areas of life, including language learning. In the case of second language teaching, most materials are based on Western pedagogical frameworks. Such generically developed and commercially produced materials overlook the cognitive needs and demands of dyslexic ESL learners and limit their language learning outcomes (Irshad & Ghani 2017). The current study investigates the impact of Indigenous Information and Communication Technology (ICT) aided English language material on the language learning outcomes of English as a Second Language Dyslexic Learners. Using a mixed-methods approach, quantitative assessment of language performance of dyslexic ESL learners was triangulated with qualitative insights from the teachers and observations of the participants. Purposive sampling was carried out to find dyslexic ESL learners through a screening check-list by Ashraf and Najam (2014). Quantitative findings revealed statistically significant improvements in reading comprehension, decoding skills, and vocabulary development (t = –2.333; p < 0.05). Qualitative data in the form of observations and teacher interview supported these results showing increased engagement, improved participation, and noticeable progress in learners’ reading behaviors during ICT-assisted lessons. Despite some physical and technical challenges faced by dyslexic ESL learners due to ICT-aided material, this study supports the integration of technology in fostering inclusive language education for dyslexic learners.
Dyslexic ESL Learners; English Language Learning; Information and Communication Technology; Inclusive Education
Copyright (c) 2026 Shaista Ghazanfar, Dr. Shafaq Fayyaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Was there a ‘unique selling point’ in the Economic Agenda of PTI
This study examines Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf’s (PTI) claim of presenting a distinct economic agenda in the 2018 elections under the slogan Naya Pakistan. A comparative content analysis of the manifestos of PTI, PML-N and PPPP is conducted across nine themes: economic growth, employment, trade, taxation, energy, debt, industrial sector, agriculture, and state-owned enterprises. Using qualitative and quantitative techniques, the study evaluates the salience and specificity of policy pledges. Findings show that PTI dedicated the largest proportion of its manifesto (22.9%) to economic issues; however, substantial thematic overlap exists across all parties. Instead of proposing ideologically divergent policies, parties mainly varied in the degree of emphasis placed on particular issues. The analysis concludes that PTI’s agenda was comprehensive but not uniquely different from its rivals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saarma Saeed, Muhammad Salahuddin Ayyubi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the influence of Parental Romantic vulnerability
This research investigates how parental expressions of romantic vulnerability—such as hugging, kissing, and verbal affection—affect children aged 8–13 within Pakistani households. Using interviews with both parents and children, the study explores children’s cognitive, emotional, and social responses to witnessing such interactions. Findings reveal a spectrum of reactions: while many children associate affectionate behavior with emotional safety, others experience discomfort, particularly when behaviors are perceived as overly intimate. Cultural expectations and family communication patterns strongly influence these responses. The study highlights a gap between parents’ intentions to model love and children’s developmental readiness to interpret such behaviors. By addressing this gap, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of how parental romantic behaviors shape children’s emotional development and their conceptualization of relationships
Copyright (c) 2025 Sumaika Javaid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Mobile Phone Use on Face-to-Face Interactions and Relationship Quality Among Punjab University Students in Lahore
This study investigates the effects of excessive mobile phone use on face-to-face interactions and relationship quality among university students. While mobile phones provide continuous digital connectivity, their overuse can reduce attention during in-person conversations and weaken interpersonal bonds. Using survey data, the research identifies patterns of phubbing, digital distraction, and emotional disengagement that contribute to communication strain and decreased relational satisfaction. The findings indicate that excessive phone use creates barriers to meaningful interaction, diminishes emotional presence, and negatively influences both familial and peer relationships. The study underscores the need for balanced digital practices and recommends awareness-building strategies that promote healthier in-person communication habits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hafsa Qamar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The influence of Family Vlogging on Personality and Behavioral Pattern of Punjab University Students
This study examines how Punjab University students perceive and are influenced by family vlogging, a popular digital practice showcasing everyday domestic life. Drawing on Social Learning Theory, Uses and Gratifications Theory, and Cultivation Theory, the study uses qualitative interviews with 20 purposively selected students. Findings show that repeated exposure affects personality traits, behavioral routines, lifestyle aspirations, and motivations to pursue vlogging as a career. The study highlights implications for students’ academic focus, psychological well-being, and social behavior, calling for more nuanced investigation into the long-term effects of digital family content.
Copyright (c) 2025 Solat Zafar Awan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unpacking the motivation behind pursing competitive exam (CSS)
Competitive examinations have become a defining feature of academic and professional pathways for many individuals in Pakistan. This study investigates the motivations driving young adults in Lahore to pursue the Central Superior Services (CSS) examination, despite already possessing professional degrees. Using a quantitative design, data were collected from 40 respondents through a structured questionnaire. The analysis explores the interaction between intrinsic motivation, extrinsic rewards, and societal pressure, framed within Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. Results indicate that intrinsic motivation is the strongest predictor of exam preparation (36.1%), followed by extrinsic rewards (27.8%) and societal pressure (25%). These findings suggest that although external influences shape decision-making, intrinsic motivation remains the dominant factor behind aspirants’ sustained commitment to CSS preparation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mahnoor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge Management Techniques between University Students and Working Students
Knowledge management techniques refer to the strategies, tools, and methods used by individual or organisations to collect, organise, and share knowledge effectively. University students and working students adopt different approaches to manage knowledge due to their differing academic and professional demands. The research aims to identify the dual challenges faced by both group as they balance workplace responsibilities with academic application. A quantitative researcher design was applied using a 14-item questionnaire. The findings indicate that working students benefit from greater practical exposure, while university students focus on balancing academics, social life and personal development. The study recommends that educational institutions introduce internships, technical trainings, and skills-based programs to strengthen knowledge management practices among both groups.
Copyright (c) 2024 Khadija Waheed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychological Effects of Memes on Sufferers
The research titled Psychological Effects of Memes on Sufferers examines the memes from a psychological point of view. In this research, survey data from 20 participants with different educational levels were used to investigate the psychological impact of memes on individuals aged between 18 and 30. The findings raise serious question about meme culture's negative influence on mental wellbeing. Specifically, the majority of respondents indicated that memes that attack specific individuals can make individuals feel more stressed, and some indicated that memes cause victims to think negatively. Additionally, respondents also stated that being targeted by memes can lead to feelings of inferiority, and some concurred that memes that ridicule mental illnesses can exacerbate emotional distress. Half of the participants reported primarily using Instagram, suggesting that platform-specific variables may affect exposure to memes. These results emphasize how memes can be detrimental to psychological well-being through emotional detachment and a negative self-image. For a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between meme consumption and mental health consequences, larger samples must be used for future research.
Copyright (c) 2024 Baseerat Talib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Feminist Perspective: Women's Treatment and Role in Blindly Followed Tradition in Jackson's The Lottery
Blindly following traditions in a male-dominated society has unwanted consequences, especially, for women. A significant number of studies can be found regarding the subjugation and marginalization of women but very little focus has been given to the blindly followed traditions set by men in a male-dominated society. Hence this research tends to explore the role of women in a deeply traditional and custom rooted society, and women’s treatment as "Other beings" regarding the feminist perspective and the concept given in "The Second Sex” (De Beauvoir, 2016), Simone de Beauvoir particularly discusses women's roles in traditional societies and their link to male authority. Furthermore, this research is qualitative in nature and textual analysis has been employed (McKee, 2001). However, the data have been collected from the short story The Lottery by Jackson. The findings suggest that women are treated as "Other beings" and their role is subdued in the blindly followed traditions of patriarchal society.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rizwan Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Foreign Policy Analysis of the Sino-US Rivalry in the 21st ‎Century ‎
At present, China-US rivalry is a dominant debate in academia as well as in the domains of policymaking. The study of China-US Rivalry is also important as it can prove to be a threat to international peace and security, since this competition between two superpowers is turning into an intense animosity. However, this paper tends to shed lights on the nature of divergent foreign policy goals and objectives of the US, the existing global power, and China, the emerging superpower. It also provides a detailed examination of the scope and direction of this rivalry. For that purpose, this paper is divided into five major parts. First part of this paper is the introduction in which a descriptive theoretical framework is presented to understand the China-US rivalry following the realist paradigm. The second part of this paper is the historical background which presents a brief history of the rise and fall of nations in general, and the rise of the US and China in particular. The third part of this paper is a description about the major areas of the China-US competition. The fourth part of this paper is the prime section of this writing which offers a detailed foreign policy analysis of this rivalry. It unveils different strategies in the foreign policy of both superpowers that generates an animosity between them. Furthermore, this section analyses the role of individual decisionmakers, national ideology, and domestic politics in their divergent foreign policies. Moreover, this part examines the existing and future implications of this intense rivalry. The fifth and the last part of this paper is the conclusion which focuses on the findings of this entire academic assessment.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Analysis of Punjabi Novels: Deva tay Dariya and Doaba
Afzal Ahsan Randhawa's name is eminent in Punjabi Literature and Language. He was a great poet, astute novelist, incredible story writer, and austere translator. His writings set an example for new authors. By profession, he was a lawyer and politician but he chose Punjabi to express his thoughts and stayed an activist for its growth. Deewa Tay Darya is his first novel which tells the story of enmity between two families of Punjab. Due to its unique creativity and narrative, it is an important contribution to Punjabi novel. Do-Aaba is his second creation which depicts the brotherhood and differences among the people of the united Punjab. This paper probes into the similarities and dissimilarities between these two novels specifically focusing on characterization, setting, locale, and diction. This article aims to critically analyze the novels with their different aspects.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ijaz, Dr. Risham Jameel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Bilingualism Among Pakistani Teenagers: Assessing the Pros and Cons
Bilingualism is increasingly prevalent in the contemporary world, particularly in ethnically diverse countries such as Pakistan, where multilingual social environments result in a high proportion of bilingual individuals. Bilingualism reflects multiple ethnic identities and carries both positive and negative implications. Although previous studies have addressed bilingualism, many have not clearly distinguished between its benefits and drawbacks. This study critically analyzes the potential advantages and challenges of bilingualism among Pakistani teenagers. Drawing upon William Labov’s sociolinguistic theory, it employs a qualitative approach and conducts thematic analysis of interview data collected from ten teenage participants across Pakistan. Findings indicate that bilingualism enhances communication abilities, intercultural understanding, cognitive performance, and academic as well as professional prospects. However, challenges such as code-switching difficulties, linguistic confusion, and societal biases privileging certain languages also emerged.
Bilingualism, Challenges, Code-switching, Pakistan, Teenagers
Copyright (c) 2024 Subaina Malik (gold medalist), Mah Noor, Sania Sadiq, Hijab Imtiaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unlocking the Economic Potential of India: The role of Human Capital
Human capital is driving the economic growth, as it enhances the labor’s productivity. This leads to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of the country. Hence, investment on education creates more capable human capital, which is crucial for sustainable economic growth. Hence, this study tries to explore the pivot role of human capital by addresses the crucial question that does human capital positively influence economic growth? Hence, this study is used secondary dataset from 1980 to 2023. The study analyze the objective by using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and Granger causality test following the augmented Dicky-Fuller (ADF) and Bounds tests. The finding reveals that the key indicators of human capital including domestic health expenditure, school enrollment and life expectancy has significant impact on economic growth of Indian’s economy on both in the short, as well as, in long-run. Furthermore, significantly one-sided Granger causalities are found from life expectancy to health expenditure, health expenditure to economic growth, economic growth to life expectancy, school enrollment to economic growth, health expenditure to gross capital formation, gross capital formation to life expectancy, and finally school enrollment to gross capital formation. No two-tailed causality is found. Lastly, based on the findings, the study suggested that policymakers should understand the importance of health expenditure by allocating budget, access to education by improving infrastructure, and enhancing life expectancy by proving health care facilities. These measures are essential to stimulate long-term economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2024 Usman saleem yousaf Qazi, Arifa Saeed, Farhan Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Linguistic and Cultural Ideologies
Pakistan is a linguistically and culturally diverse nation in which Urdu functions as a central unifying language among numerous ethnic groups. However, the degree to which Urdu is accepted as an official and national language varies across communities, largely due to the linguistic and cultural ideologies held by Pashtuns, Punjabis, and Kashmiris residing in Islamabad. This qualitative study explores how such ideologies shape attitudes toward Urdu’s official status. Using language ideology as the guiding theoretical framework, data were collected from thirty participants—ten from each community—through purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews. The findings reaffirm Urdu’s significant role as a symbol of national cohesion, yet also reveal concerns regarding the marginalisation of regional languages within media, education, and public discourse. The results underscore the need for more inclusive and culturally sensitive language policies that safeguard Pakistan’s multilingual heritage and promote equitable linguistic representation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rizwan Ahmad, Roshan Jadoon, Zeeshan Ahmad, Wasifa Khan, Ameer Ul Mulk (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Maulana Maulvi Nazar Muhammad and Jang Nama Rustam
Punjabi language is one of the world's major languages, and the Punjabi nation is a great nation. In this language, extensive work has been done not only in creation, criticism, and research but also in translations. There is a long series of translations of Surah Yusuf, and "Safar-ul-Ishq" is also considered a creative translation. "Jangnama Rustam" is also a standard translation, with its translator Maulana Maulvi Nazir Muhammad being an expert in various fields. Maulvi Sahib has translated the creation of the great Persian poet Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. This Shahnameh was first translated into Urdu, and based on that Urdu translation from the Mughal era, Maulana Maulvi Nazir Muhammad translated it into Punjabi verse. He was also proficient in Persian and Arabic. This translation consists of two parts, both of which were published successively. Both parts comprise 402 pages. The research article provides information about Maulvi Nazir Muhammad's life and acquaints with his writings. Particularly, various aspects of "Jangnama Rustam" have been analyzed. In this article, facts about the translator's life are presented with references to his writings. The current status of his village, family, and mentioned lineage is also highlighted. Documentary research methodology has been utilized. Fazil Mahk has personally visited their village, Warriam, Sialkot, thrice and gained knowledge about the author's grave and offspring.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Akbar Ali Ghazi, Wasifa Muqadass (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Military Establishment and Civil-Military Nexus in ‎Historical Perspective of Pakistan (1947-2015)‎
The state of Pakistan has faced long military rules. The military establishment in the state is more influential as compared to civilian political institutions due to past legacy and structural settings. The civil-military tussle has remained at the top of Pakistan’s political arena. The paper highlighted the major causes of military intervention in the state including weak civil institutions, leadership crisis, Weak judiciary, meagre economy, inefficient political parties and lack of consensus-building culture. By working on these mentioned reasons, a viable civil political supremacy may be maintained. The paper has analysed the civil-military relations since independence till 2015. It concludes that there must be a good working relationship between these institutions to eliminate the institutional imbalance in the state.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr Riffat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychological Reconstruction of Afghan Child Soldiers: Trauma, and Rehabilitation
The enduring victimization of Afghan children due to political trauma has persisted since the Cold War Era Soviet Invasion. The mind of the Afghan children has become immune to the graphic instances of the war that they need to go through a process of psychological reconstruction (a transition in the child’s cognition). Moreover, the psychological subjugation of these children illustrated such events where children themselves become the weapons i.e. becoming child soldiers. Unfortunately, there has been a rise in the recruitment of the child soldiers ever since the Taliban took over in 2021. However, this research establishes its theoretical foundation through the application of Eric Erikson’s Stages of Psychological Development in a child, by investigating the facets of political trauma faced by these Afghan child soldiers. Along with that their resilience to political trauma, and to look into the efforts regarding rehabilitation to understand the psychological reconstruction of these children is also the foundation of this research. Methodologically, this research incorporates qualitative method, notably content analysis, characterized by a descriptive and analytical orientation. The study adopted an interdisciplinary perspective, delving in the nuanced political contours that characterizes the experiences of child soldiers in Afghanistan.
Rehabilitation and Stages of Psychological Development
Copyright (c) 2023 Najam Sehar, Dr. Sadia Rafique, Dr. Azhar Javed Siddiqui (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Critical Review of Tabasum Batalvi’s Poetry
Tabsum Batalvi is a prominent figure of Urdu poetry from Toba-Tek Singh.in his poetry he has specially portrayed the social issues of Pakistan in the following of Akbar Ala Abadi. Literature is the reflection of any society. It represents the civilization, culture, rituals along with the political and historical circumstances. It brings to light the economic life of the individual living in that society. Tabsum wrote unique poems on different social issues like Dengue, Corona, Polio and Smoking etc. A point worth mentioning about Tabsum Batalvi's poetry is that his poetic creations are a pathway towards his era, through which the reader can easily understand his age. The article in hands is a thorough critical study of his poetry and study of poetic effect and observations of his personality on his poetry.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Muhammad Aman Ullah Khan Aman, Muhammad Zahid Zahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Women in Taufiq Rafat’s Poetry: A Postcolonial Feminist Study of Wedding in the Flood and Kitchens
Post-colonialism and feminism are among the most trending critical theories that this century has inherited from its predecessor. In recent times, the acceptability of both genres has inspired a lot of writing and research. With the passage of time and the spread of education in formerly colonial societies, especially among women, feminism has begun to take roots. This combination of postcolonial and feminism has resulted in the development of Postcolonial Feminism. The demands and directions of postcolonial feminism are different from mainstream Western feminism. This paper is a study of Taufiq Rafat’s poems, Wedding in the Flood and Kitchens. Rafat’s poems are a realistic delineation of life in the milieu where he was born and brought up. In his stories in verse, we find ample representation of the women of Pakistan. The feminine characters in the poems under discussion are typical of women in a postcolonial society. Therefore, they have been selected for analysis in this paper. This analysis is based on the thoughts promoted by postcolonial feminism in which women do not seek worldwide acceptance, but demand only to be accepted as living beings. It highlighted how lack of education and awareness has affected the approach of society toward women. It also brought out how baseless feminine stereotypes was generated. The poems sought a tangible solution to the problems of women in Pakistani society.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kashif Raza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
New Phrase Patterns and Creative Proverbs in New Punjabi Poetry
Punjabi poetry of the present era is being composed with innovative creative aspects and unique style of poetic composition. New terminology, figures of speech and new creative proverbs are being utilized with an appealing and unique style especially in the recently composed lyrics. This creative novelty has proved a very successful technique to make Punjabi lyric an everlasting genre of literature. This article has been written keeping in view the poetic compositions written by modern and new representatives of Punjabi poetry. The foresaid characteristics features of the works composed by these modern writers of Punjabi are being highlighted in this article. If the critics use these techniques, proverbs and terminology in the Punjabi prose, it will definitely give a new life to its literature.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr Ihsan Ullah Tahir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analytical Study of methodology of epitomization from Qiraat-e- Quraaniah by Sayyed Ameer Ali in Tafseer Muwahib –Ul-Rahman
It is clear from the fact that Allah has revealed the Quran in seven letters. And there are many things hidden in it. These are important to make Quranic readiness easier for people who read, and translate translation of Quranic words, in the contemporary interpretation of the meaning of Wafa'am and Ahmah Mussel, to smooth the path of extravagance and ease for the Umrah period. There are many such sciences that stand on the basis of different types of trees. These verses are explaining the meaningful meaning of Quranic interpretation in the Qur'aan, based on the verses of the Qur'aan, a faqha is a knowledge of a profession in the verses of the Quran, that is, in fact, the interpretation of Salaf is mentioned in the verses, On the basis of them, the Koran receives discrimination and Ejaz, which is mentioned in Koran in case of Kaafir's challenge و ان کنتم فی ریب مما نزّلنا علیٰ عبدنا فاتوا بسورۃ من مثلہ وادعوا شہدآء کم من دون اللہ ان کنتم صادقین۔ فان لم تفعلوا ولن تفعلوا And if you suspect that this book which we ascend to our servant, it is not ours, so make one Surah like it, call our new ones, except for Allah Take the help you want, if you are truthful then do this work, but you did not do this and could never believe." In relation to knowledge, other scholars and scholars (interpretation, jurisprudence, problems, beliefs, knowledge, knowledge and virtue of Muslim tradition) will be cleared.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Mahboob Alam Farooqi, Muhammad Yousaf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Historical Overview of Christian Migration to Lahore During British Period
This research article aims to provide a comprehensive historical overview of Christian migration to Lahore during the British period, shedding light on socio-economic, political and cultural factors that influenced this migration. The study explores the establishment and growth of Christian settlements in Lahore, examining the impact of British colonial policies, missionary activities, and local dynamics on Christian community's presence in the city. Through a nuanced analysis of primary sources and historical records, the article seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of Christian migration in Lahore during the colonial era.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saeed Ahmed Butt (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Security Dynamics in South Asia: Impact of the Iran-Saudi Rapprochement on Pakistan's Foreign Policy
Pakistan's foreign policy is greatly influenced by both Iran and Saudi Arabia in various dimensions, but it is challenging for policymakers to maintain cordial relations with both countries simultaneously due to their intense rivalries and significant involvement in Middle Eastern politics. This research delves into the interplay of security dynamics in South Asia, specifically focusing on the repercussions of the recent Iran-Saudi rapprochement on Pakistan's foreign policy. The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing argumentative analysis, to elucidate the evolving perspectives of Iran and Saudi Arabia and their influence on Pakistan's diplomatic, political, and economic decisions. Negotiating the complexities of maintaining favorable relations with both nations in the face of their entrenched regional rivalries presents a formidable challenge for Pakistani policymakers. By employing the complex interdependent theory, this study dissects the triangular relationship's nature, policies, and resulting effects on regional politics and economic dynamics. Through this study, valuable insights are offered, shedding light on the intricate implications of this triangular relationship and the varied outcomes it yields within this specific context of South Asia's security landscape.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Sadia Rafique, Omer Khawar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Behind the Veil: Unveiling the Mysteries of Net Trade Credit Determinants in the Cement ‎Sector
This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the determinants of net trade credit within Pakistan's cement industry. Highlighting net trade credit's significance as a vital source of short-term external financing, the research explores various influencing factors, including firm size, age, operating cash flow, export propensity, market share, liquidity, financial distress, inventories, bank finance, and sales growth. Employing generalized least squares, fixed effect, and random effect model, the study identifies the fixed effect model as the most appropriate. Notably, it reveals that smaller firms, those with lower market share, and newly established entities tend to invest less in trade. Conversely, higher levels of operating cash flow, liquidity, financial stability, export propensity, sales growth, bank finance, and inventory are associated with increased investment in trade receivables. These findings underscore the crucial role of these factors in shaping firms' financing strategies within Pakistan's cement industry.
Copyright (c) 2023 farah, waqar, aziz, amber (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Younis Mateen: A Prime Voice of Modern Urdu Poem
Younas Mateen is an important poet of modern Urdu Nazm.. Urdu Nazm has been on the move on the path of evolution since its very inception. All the experiments ever did with the form of it great importance in Modern Urdu literature. In the light of the continuity of these experiments, it can be rightly said that Younas Mateen has a masterly understanding of writing poems because of his unique style and expression of inner feelings. The subjects on which Younas Mateen has written are diverse. He comes before us as a fine poet and an artist with a skeptical personality. His Nazm is particularly important because of its intellectual diversity and depths of meaning. Some of his poems are masterpieces. As he had the privilege of visiting a number of countries, the strength of his observation is visible very vigorously in his poems. The presence of this observational strength, knowledge of international political turmoil and expansive information has breathed an element of universality in his poems. All this makes him a poet apart among the Urdu poets. With the passage of time, his poetry will continue to open the new gates of understanding and enlightenment for the readers.
Unrestrained and exaggerated enthusiasm‎
Copyright (c) 2024 Khalid Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
When a great poet, writer or penman takes us from the world of matter to the immaterial world, his artwork or creation in the form of a tahir gives happiness. A truth is revealed. If the separation from the ordinary brings in the extraordinary, then this creation becomes a prelude to contemplation and deliberation with satisfaction for the reader. Because he takes his listener or reader for a while to a unique world beyond the 'material world'. The beauty of great literature is its familiarity with extraordinary things. The search for the extraordinary is called 'transcendence'. In his poems, Wazir Agha takes the reader away from the visual world where a completely different world is inhabited. Those worldly material ideas are completely different from the terrestrial realm. There is no doubt that in his book 'The Mood of Urdu Poetry' he calls poetry a terrestrial object. But it is a terrestrial mind in which 'transcendence' is also connected with mental harmony. The first open expression of the transcendental aspect in his poems is found when the reader reads so a unique world and an extraordinary statement amazes him.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mujahid Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0